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Natural body jewelry
Natural body jewelry Tom Fair working the tide pools and adjacent shallow water collected Cypraea teres, C. isabella, C. helvola, C. poraria, C. maculifera, Conus catus, Bulla species, and a Mitra nodosa, all live-collected within a fifty foot square area in tide pools to a depth of three feet.
Photos: Floegel
sea shells from Ascensión Island:
1. Luria oceanica (coll. Schilder
5527 ex coll. Lancaster, 32mm)
2. id. (coll. Tacker, Kingsbridge,
South Devon, England, leg. 1968,
32mm)
3. Erosaria sanctaehelenae (coll.
Schilder 5531, ex coll. Tomlin,
leg. Dacie, 24mm).
The immigration of widely spread sea shell species into isolated oceanic islands seems to be prevented, or at least rendered more difficult, if the islands are surrounded by about one thousand miles of deep water in which there are no islands or reefs.
Thus, no common Pacific sea shell species reaches Easter Island (Rapanui) which is about 900 miles off southwestern Polynesia (Ducie Is.). The two sea shells living in Easter Island, Erosaria caputdraconis and E. englerti, are well separable endemic species though they evidently are related to the Indo-Pacific species E. caputserpentis and E. poraria respectively: but their speciation must have taken place very long ago. There is no relation to West American sea shells, as the Galápagos Island are almost 1600 miles off.
In the southern Atlantic Ocean, the distance of Ascensión Is. from Liberia is about 750 miles only, but from Brazil more than 1600 miles; St. Helena which lies almost 800 south of Ascensión Is., approaches Angola by 1100 miles: therefore one would expect these islands to be inhabited possibly also by distinct sea shell species, or at least by races of West African species. In fact, only two species among the 9 West African and 4 Brazilian species have reached these isolated islands:
Luria lurida which occurs from the Mediterranean to Angola, has developed in Ascensión Is. and in St. Helena the race L. oceanica which differs by the callous deltoidal shell with the anterior extremity dilated, the broader and less constricted fossula, and the very large terminal blotches: these characters are constant in the shells from these islands, whereas they may be observed sporadically also elsewhere. In Brazil L. lurida is replaced by L. cinerea which shows no close relation to the Eurafrican species.
Natural body jewelry the total is 5.5, and in all sets the mean exceeds 5; i.e. the brown dots are always slightly prevalent, contrary to the collection from Ata'a. In Tjilaut Eureun, South Java, Dr. W. F. de Priester collected several sets of beach sea shells from 1931 to 1934 which mostly contain a sufficient number of E. helvola for calculating the average spotting; in P. Mal. Soc. London 21:92 (1934) these sets have been called:
set A B+D E F J
mean
class 6.1 6.2 6.1 6.2 6.1
the total 6.1 and the figures of all sets exceed class 6, so that the E. helvola from Java are still darker than those from Mombasa. Besides, one will observe that in Java the figures are practically identical, while in Mombasa the difference between the palest and the darkest set comprises almost one class.
Populations from adjacent areas may be rather different: in the Seychelles, R. Winckworth collected many E. helvola in 1936, both at Mahé (Anse Boileau) and on Digue Island: the average class of markings is 4.8 and 3.9 respectively, so that the 87 shells from Mahe are distinctly darker than those from Digue and from other islands of the archipelago. In East Africa the average class varies from 4.5 to 5.9, viz. from North to South: Malindi 4.6
Diani 4.5
Shanzu 5.1
Shimoni 5.9
Mombasa I. 5.5
Zanzibar 4.7
while in South Africa all populations are far darker, varying from 7.0 to 8.4 (Vetch Pier in Durban with 5.3 has been excluded on account of unusual environments): Durban 7.6
Kei Mouth 7.7
Clanstal 7.0
Kowie 7.6
Pondoland 8.4
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